The change from sheep to wolf - the Meiji Restoration in Japan Half of the 19th century, following the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the Americas, the Asia, Japan also appeared once in the political, economic, ideological and cultural fields, a comprehensive reform movement. This to implement the New Deal for the purpose of the bourgeois capitalist reform movement began in the Meiji years, so known to history as "the Meiji Restoration." Japan is a closed-door policy in the past, feudal and backward country. The country known as "the kingdom of God" is called "the gods to protect the country." Emperor is the incarnation of God, his subjects have their own supreme power. "Loyalty to serve the country", "loyalty Emperor" thinking has been the feudal society of Japan the highest moral standards. To 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu eliminated all over the separatist forces, made a "levy Yi General" title, set in the Edo Shogunate, Tokugawa established the dominance of the family. Shogun was dominated by the country's highest land ownership, directly under the total area of arable land accounts for about 1 / 4, is the largest feudal lords. And, also holds the country's commercial city and a mine, a monopoly on foreign trade, control of the country's economic lifeline. Politically, the Tokugawa shogunate name is "General", actually called himself "Lord British", representing the state, internal chair the government, at the helm did not take the emperor paid no attention. In order to strengthen their rule, the Tokugawa Shogunate plunder the land, build their own army, composed by a warrior, they generally are professional soldiers, has the privilege of knives, killing civilians with impunity, is a general rule the people Shogun main tool . In addition, they Shogun according to "scholars, farmers, industry, commerce," Simin's order, the samurai and farmers drawn under the status of the system by the level of strict limits. In addition, there are more than 30 million are known as "inhuman" and "foul and more" untouchables, they were excluded from the scholars, farmers, industry, commerce, the living a miserable life. Shogun on the one hand desperately advocating pedantic Confucian thought, especially the heir to the speech, as Chinese culture, confined people's minds, suppress their revolt; the other hand, the implementation of seclusion in the "Closed Door" policy, the whole of Japan closely closed. Tokugawa Shogunate that this way can long-term stability of the. But he absolutely did not expect, the late 18 world, with the commodity economy, there have appeared new landlord class and commercial capitalists, who have fought to gain political status, get rid of the feudal Tong Zhi, right shogunate Zhiduo generate dissatisfaction. The broad masses of the people unbearable suffering of life, against the emotions have become increasingly high, and connected the outbreak of numerous peasant uprisings and riots in the community. The resistance struggle, seriously shaken shogunate rule. While constant state of anxiety when the shogunate, the Japanese 传奇私服 invasion of Western colonial powers. In 1853, the U.S. Navy fleet led by two generals Bailey broke into Edo Bay, forcing the Japanese to open trade in Hong Kong. Succumbed to the powers of fire shogunate, continuous and powers signed a number of unequal treaties and tariff agreements, sold out national sovereignty and national interests. A large number of farmers and artisans as the dumping of foreign goods into and go bust, the Japanese people by the double oppression and exploitation, the situation even more painful. Rapid intensification of ethnic and class conflicts, a overthrowing the feudal shogunate, imminent war for national independence. December 1865, Choshu discussion led by Takasugi Shinsaku screen to send to farmers as the main body of the "Jones team" beat the conservatives, won the fan power. Subsequently, the Satsuma clan to discuss sending Xixianglongsheng screen, large text and other Poly people through control of the fan power. Soon, these two forces form a coalition to discuss screen, screen campaign into a national discussion of the core. One hand, they have political and economic reforms to mobilize farmers, businessmen and middle ranking samurai of the initiative; on the other hand, the military arm itself, the purchase of a large number of advanced weapons from the West, and the shogunate forces contend. In the same year in December, sent to suppress discussion of Takaaki screen death of the Emperor, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne under 15 years of age. At this time, the court discussed the situation started to help screen to send direction. October 1867, Satsuma, Choshu, Aki screen to send San Francisco to discuss secret meeting held in Kyoto, the young Emperor Meiji decided to use the name of the armed down screen. One hand, they expand the force, the other secret contact with the Emperor, prepared to launch a palace coup, the generals ousted Tokugawa go. Although the young Emperor Meiji, can be quite informative, dominated the political affairs of the Shogunate also very unhappy with the discussion immediately agreed to act together to send to overthrow the shogunate rule. Then, write a "screen Mizhao discussion," Okubo Toshimichi handed their hands. Okubo Toshimichi, who received a Mi Zhao, ecstatic. Then, they called to discuss an important figure in screen sent in October 1867 one day early in the Kyoto Imperial palace of a study, where to discuss concrete measures. Meanwhile, Tokugawa Yoshinobu had heard rumors, pleasant for the situation on its own detriment, the decision pre-emptive resignation so as not to conflict with the reformist front. How can we believe that the princes of Southwestern Tokugawa Yoshinobu will easily surrender to the regime, one would see that this is their stalling tactics. Some discussion, agreed to use force to solve problems, to give a surprise Tokugawa Yoshinobu. January 3, 1868, Southwest shuaibing surrounded the princes of the Imperial Palace, Temple guards lift the Tokugawa Shogunate in the armed forces. They surround the young Emperor Meiji, the convening of Imperial Conference, announced the "Restoration" power fully to the Emperor. Edict issued by Emperor Meiji then decided to establish a new central government under his leadership, and appointed Xixianglongsheng and Okubo Toshimichi of these reformist head of government affairs. Kyoto, Tokugawa Yoshinobu overnight escape, retreat Osaka, concentrated all the troops, murderously invaded to Kyoto. Under the slogan "save the Emperor, Clear traitor" on the cover, two-pronged, ready to clamp pincer Kyoto. Okubo Toshimichi, Xixianglongsheng, Kido Koin, who life to Satsuma, Choshu, Aki various armed clan in Kyoto near Toba, You see the two forces engaged the shogunate. Emperor Meiji to the sounding of personally supervised the operation, Masujiro Kimura 5000, led by well-equipped army, had favorable positions, has set up artillery, static forces such as the arrival of Shogun. Midnight, the two armies met, the two sides launched a major fight against the enemies. Despite the large number of shogunate forces, but morale and lax, morale is very low, just a touch, and looked fled. The government troops are fighting strong, pit one against ten Yuezhanyueyong. At the same time, reformers also proposed "tax relief", "Simin equal" slogan, the farmers and businessmen to fight to his side, to strengthen their own momentum. Therefore, funded by the rich variety of Mitsui and other military supplies a steady flow of people to the front by the people, and many people find the soil guns, Tu Bao direct combat. Shogunate army days are numbered, Tokugawa Yoshinobu hasty retreat, fled to Edo. Troops not to give you the opportunity to break, tracking shogunate Canjun, immediately surrounded by Edo. Tokugawa Yoshinobu see their own army has disintegrated, Edo's residents will not support themselves, battles end of the road, decided to lay down their arms, surrender to the Emperor. Subsequently, the government forces have moved into Edo, so that ruled Japan for more than 200 years old Tokugawa shogunate collapsed. 3,4 months in 1868, the Meiji government promulgated the "Charter Oath" and "polity book," The introduction of capitalism, the basic principle of the New Deal, from 1868 -1 873 years, launched a bold reform movement. The main contents of the reform movement to recover the territory of the feudal landlords to abolish the feudal class system status, support capitalist industry and commerce, get rid of the old feudal culture. Conducive to the development of capitalism, these reform measures, the Japanese took the capitalist road, out of the crisis being colonized by a backward feudal society, capitalism gradually transformed into an independent power. Par
iqwsf le dimanche 05 septembre 2010
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